Governor Ned Lamont. Home About Us Contact Us. State Symbols. While any part of the airplane can produce Lift , the most Lift comes from the wings. Fixed and Rotary Wing Aircraft. Now you are probably thinking that helicopters do not need to move forward in order to fly, and you are right.
This is because helicopters are "rotary wing aircraft," meaning that the rotor which is turned around rapidly by the engine s is shaped like a narrow wing and provides the Lift necessary to overcome the Weight of the aircraft. This is different than a "fixed wing" aircraft where the wings are attached to the fuselage fixed and the Thrust of the engine s moves the plane forward to generate Lift.
Tilting the rotor allows the helicopter to move forward and backward or side-to-side. Propeller Driven Planes - Propeller driven airplanes use a propeller that is turned by some type of engine.
Propellers are shaped just like the wings, and also generate lift, except that the lift is forward instead of up and is called thrust. Each propeller is made up of two or more blades. The first propellers were made of wood, but now most propellers now are made of metal. The F4U Corsair is a propeller driven aircraft. You're very welcome, Amrit! Hi, Rupinder! It's definitely important to keep good maintenance on the airplane!
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Follow Twitter Instagram Facebook. How do airplanes fly? What forces are necessary for flight? What forces work against flight? Wonder What's Next? Try It Out Are you ready to soar? Be sure to check out the following activities with a friend or family member: Do you live near an airport?
Even if you don't live in a major city, chances are that there's at least a small regional or local airport near you. Ask an adult friend or family member to take you on a field trip to a local airport to watch a few airplanes take off and land. If the only airport near you is a small regional or local airport, you may want to contact the airport in advance to find out when the best time would be to visit.
Have fun watching airplanes take flight! Want to experiment with some of the basic scientific principles of flight in the comfort of your own home? All you'll need are some pieces of paper. How can you experiment with flight principles using only paper?
Make a paper airplane , of course! Experiment with different designs. How far can you get a paper airplane to fly? Have you ever flown on an airplane? If you have, write a short story describing your experience. What feelings did you experience the first time you rode in an airplane and felt it lift off the ground?
If you've never flown in an airplane before, write a short story about what you think it would be like to fly in an airplane. Do you think you would feel scared, excited, maybe a little of both? Why or why not? Share your story with a friend or family member. Have they ever flown in an airplane? How did their experience compare to yours? Did you get it? Test your knowledge.
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Join the Discussion. Anynomous Apr 2, Charlie Jan 30, Supposedly it actually has to do with the top air pushing on the wing that makes it fly. Braxtyn M Dec 5, I love to learn about planes and my dad is a pilot so I know ho to fly. Dec 10, Do you want to be a pilot when you get older? Braxtyn M Dec 13, Yes I already know how to fly planes that hold like 8 passengers.
Dec 16, Michael Dec 3, Lejen May 29, May 29, Apr 5, Anny Mar 2, Mar 5, Thanks, Anny! We love having you as our Wonder Friend! JP Mar 2, Kilimanjaro Mar 16, Jan 23, Alamo Mar 16, What's up, Gooder? How did you like this Wonder? Riley Jun 15, Why do we need planes any way wonderopolis please tell me why do we? Jun 15, Mar 13, Hi, kaitlyn! Thanks for sharing your question! Planes are very interesting to learn about! Peyton Feb 26, Feb 26, S Feb 25, Riley Feb 25, Tekeya Feb 25, Pineapple Feb 24, Can you fix it so when you tap on a wonder word, you don't have to tap it twice.
If not, it's probably just my iPad. Sara and Dillon Feb 24, We've had that feeling when the airplane started to go up in the sky. It felt like a dizzy pukish feeling. Push-back occurs only when the pilot has clearance to do so from Air Traffic Control, which monitors all aircraft movements during taxi. When ready for takeoff, and cleared by Air Traffic Control to proceed, the pilot or first officer of an aircraft releases the brakes and advances the throttle to increase engine power to accelerate down the runway.
Once aligned on the runway, steering the aircraft is normally accomplished by using foot pedals that manipulate the nose wheel until the speed is sufficient enough that wind rushing by the rudder on the aircraft tail makes nose wheel steering unnecessary. As the aircraft gains speed, air passes faster and faster over its wings and lift is created.
Instruments onboard the aircraft display this airspeed, which equals not only the speed of the plane relative to the ground, but also the speed of any wind that may be blowing toward the aircraft aircraft normally take off headed into the wind.
When the airspeed reaches a certain predetermined point known as rotation speed, the pilot manipulates panels on the tail of the aircraft to rotate the nose of the plane upward. This creates even stronger lift and the plane leaves the ground. Rotation speed, abbreviated VR, is one of three important airspeed settings calculated before every flight.
The others are V1 - the speed beyond which a safe stop on a runway is no longer possible; and V2 - the minimum speed needed to keep a plane flying should an engine fail after the aircraft surpasses V1. Some of the factors affecting VR and V2 are the weight of the aircraft, the air temperature and the altitude of the airport.
The heavier the aircraft, the more lift, and thus speed is needed to get it off the ground. Aircraft also need to go faster to fly on a hot day than on a cool day. Hot air is less dense than cool air and less density produces less lift for the same speed.
Similarly, the higher the altitude, the less dense the air. Aircraft need more speed to leave the ground at a place like Denver than at a place like New York, with all other factors such as weight being equal. Some of these factors also are important in calculating V1, although the key factor is the length of the runway that is being used.
Most large jets leave the ground at about miles per hour and initially climb at an angle in excess of 15 degrees. The angle of a plane's wings to the air flowing around them is extremely important to maintaining lift.
If the so-called angle of attack is too severe, the flow of air around the wings becomes disrupted and the plane loses lift. To make an aircraft more aerodynamically efficient, the wheels on which an aircraft rolls when it is on the ground are retracted into a cavity in the belly of the plane after it is airborne. There is less drag wind resistance , and an aircraft can fly faster when its landing gear is retracted. Once a plane is in the air, it continues to climb until it reaches its cruising altitude, which is determined by the pilot and must be approved by Air Traffic Control.
At this point, power is reduced from the setting that was needed to climb, and the aircraft maintains a consistent, level altitude. To fly level, the weight of the aircraft and the lifting force generated by the wings are exactly equal. There is no standard altitude for cruising.
Generally, it is around 35, feet, but that can vary considerably depending on length of flight, weather conditions, air turbulence and the location of other planes in the sky. Cruising speeds are at a constant mach number, about 82 percent of the speed of sound. This translates to a groundspeed of about miles per hour, although that too can vary considerably with headwinds, tailwinds and other factors. During flight, pilots normally follow designated airways, or highways in the sky, that are marked on flight maps and are defined by their relationship to radio navigation beacons, whose signals are picked up by the aircraft.
Some jets also have inertial navigation systems onboard to help pilots find their way. These computer-based systems calculate the plane's position from its point of departure, by closely tracking its heading, speed and other factors after it leaves the gate.
Some aircraft also are capable of using signals from a constellation of satellites to pinpoint their position. This is known as the Global Positioning System.
Commercial aircraft are increasingly using it. GPS enables aircraft to operate, with the permission of Air Traffic Control, to operate safely off predetermined airways. This capability makes for more efficient operations and adds capacity to the aviation system. Pilots control and steer aircraft in flight by manipulating panels on the aircraft wings and tail. Those control surfaces are described in greater detail later in this chapter.
In this phase of a flight, the pilot gradually brings the aircraft back toward the ground, by reducing engine power and speed, and thus the force of the lift. The so-called final approach begins several miles from the airport. By this point, Air Traffic Control has put the aircraft in a sequence to land, carefully separating it from all other aircraft headed for, or leaving, the same airport.
The landing gear is lowered, slowing the plane further. In addition, panels at the trailing edge of the aircraft's wings, known as flaps, are manipulated to increase drag and thus reduce speed and altitude. Other panels, known as elevators, and the rudder are used as they are throughout the flight to steer the plane and keep it on the localizer heading and glideslope glidepath , the continuous radio signals the flight crew will follow to the end of the runway.
Airline aircraft generally are traveling at about miles per hour relative to the ground when they touch down. The flight crew then slows the aircraft quickly with several actions: pulling back on the throttles, raising yet another set of panels on the top of the wings, called spoilers, that disrupt airflow and increase wind resistance, reversing the thrust of the engines, and, of course, applying the brakes.
The final phase of a flight is a reverse of the first phase. The aircraft is driven at slow speed under its own power onto the taxiway and from there to a gate. Since most gates are equipped with moveable jetways, or covered ramps, aircraft generally are parked under their own power.
This is the main body of an aircraft, exclusive of its tail assembly, wings and engines. The term derives from a French word, fusele, meaning tapered, because the fuselage is the shape of a long cylinder with tapered ends. It is made of aluminum sections that are riveted together, and inside are three primary sections: the cockpit, the cabin which often is subdivided into two or three sections with different seating arrangements and different classes of service and the cargo hold.
The cockpit is the most forward part of the fuselage and contains all the instruments needed to fly the plane. Sometimes referred to as the flight deck, the cockpit has seats for the pilot and co-pilot; a flight engineer, on some planes; and seats for one or two observers that could be from the airline itself, or from FAA.
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