It occurs primarily at the proximal radioulnar joint. Gravity also assists pronating the elbow. It is the opposite of forearm supination. Please Note: You can also scroll through stacks with your mouse wheel or the keyboard arrow keys.
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Sign Up. Become a Gold Supporter and see no ads. Biaxial flexion Biaxial extension Biaxial abduction radial side Biaxial adduction ulnar side.
Relatively immobile compound synovial joint. Proximal and distal carpal bones. Joints between the individual carpal bones of a row. The carpal bones and metacarpal bones. Saddle joint. The trapezium and first metacarpal bone. Multiaxial joint , unlike the other carpometacarpal joints Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Opposition Circumduction. Ellipsoid joints. The 2 nd —5 th metacarpals and the proximal phalanges of the medial four fingers.
Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction. Hinge joint :. The 1 st metacarpal and the proximal phalanx of the thumb. Flexion Extension. Hinge joint. Medial epicondyle of the humerus and ulnar coronoid process. Median nerve. Forearm: pronation Elbow : flexion weak. Pronate the patient's forearm against resistance, while palpating the muscle belly.
Medial epicondyle of the humerus. Base of the 2 nd and 3 rd metacarpal bones. Forearm: flexion Wrist: flexion and abduction. Flex the patient's wrist against resistance, while palpating the muscle belly. Medial epicondyle of the humerus , proximal shaft of the radius. Middle phalanges of the digits, except the thumb.
Flex the patient's specific digit while holding the other fingers in extension. Palmar aponeurosis. Wrist: flexion weak. Medial epicondyle of the humerus , olecranon , and posterior surface of the proximal ulna. Pisiform bone , hamate , and base of the 5 th metacarpal bone. Ulnar nerve. Wrist: flexion and adduction strong. Flex the patient's wrist against resistance, while palpating the tendon.
Interosseous membrane and the ulnar shaft medial and anterior surfaces. Distal phalanges of the fingers, except the thumb. Medial half to the ring and little fingers : ulnar nerve Lateral half to the index and middle fingers : median nerve. Interosseous membrane, shaft of the radius anterior surface. Base of the distal phalanx of the thumb. Median n.
Joints of the thumb 1 st MCP and the interphalangeal joint : flexion. Flex the patient's interphalangeal joint of the thumb against resistance. Anterior surface of distal ulnar shaft. Anterior surface of distal radial shaft. Pronation of the forearm. Pronate the patient's forearm against resistance, while holding the wrist and fingers in neutral position. Lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus. Proximal to the radial styloid. Radial nerve.
Elbow joint : flexion. Muscle belly becomes prominent on flexing the patient's elbow against resistance, with the forearm in half- pronation. Base of the 2 nd metacarpal dorsal aspect. Muscle bellies become prominent on extending the patient's wrist against resistance, with the forearm in pronation. Lateral epicondyle of the humerus. Base of the 2 nd and 3 rd metacarpals dorsal aspect. Dorsal base of the middle and distal phalanges of the fingers, except the thumb. Posterior interosseous nerve branch of the radial nerve.
Middle and distal phalanges extensor expansion of the little finger. Extend the patient's little finger with other fingers held in flexion. Base of the 5 th metacarpal. Wrist: extension and adduction. Adducting the patient's wrist against resistance makes the tendon taut. These include the following:. The elbow joint is supported by ligaments and tendons, which provide stability to the joint. Ligaments are a group of firm tissues that connect bones to other bones.
The most important ligaments of the elbow joint are the:. Together, the medial and lateral ligaments are the main source of stability and hold the humerus and ulna tightly in place during movement of the arm. The ligaments around a joint combine to form a joint capsule that contains synovial fluid.
Any injury to these ligaments can lead to instability of the elbow joint. Tendons are bands of connective tissue fibers that connect muscle to bone. The various tendons which surround the elbow joint include:. The main nerves of the elbow joint are the ulnar, radial and median nerves. These nerves transfer signals from the brain to the muscles that aid in elbow movements. They also carry the sensory signals like touch, pain, and temperature back to the brain.
Any injury or damage to these nerves causes pain, weakness or joint instability. Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen-pure blood from the heart to the hand. Functional anatomy of the interosseous membrane of the forearm — dynamic changes during rotation. In vivo MR studies of dynamic changes in the interosseous membrane of the forearm during rotation.
Normal kinematics of the interosseous membrane during forearm pronation-supination—a three-dimensional MRI study. Interosseous membrane of the forearm: an anatomical study of ligament attachment locations. A surgical technique for pediatric forearm pronation: brachioradialis rerouting with interosseous membrane release. A new methodology to measure load transfer through the forearm using multiple universal force sensors. J Biomech.
Role of the forearm interosseous ligament: is it more than just longitudinal load transfer? Reconstruction of the interosseous ligament unloads metallic radial head arthroplasty and the distal ulna in cadavers. Poitevin LA. Anatomy and biomechanics of the interosseous membrane: its importance in the longitudinal stability of the forearm. The role of the interosseous membrane and triangular fibrocartilage complex in forearm stability. Complex radius shaft malunion: osteotomy with computer-assisted planning.
Seringe R, Dubousset JF. Attitude of the paralytic supination of the forearm in children. Surgical treatment in 19 cases. The distal radioulnar joint as a load-bearing mechanism-a biomechanical study. The load-bearing characteristics of the forearm: pattern of axial and bending force transmitted through ulna and radius.
The effects of partial and total interosseous membrane transection on load sharing in the cadaver forearm. J Orthop Res. The interosseous membrane of the forearm: anatomy and function. Reconstruction of the interosseous membrane of the forearm in cadavers. Radius pull test: predictor of longitudinal forearm instability. Surg Radiol Anat. Ligamentoplasty of the forearm interosseous membrane using the semitendinosus tendon: anatomical study and surgical procedure.
Traumatic pathology of antibrachial interosseous membrane of forearm. Chir Main. The middle radioulnar joint and triarticular forearm complex. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. The intra-operative radius joystick test to diagnose complete disruption of the interosseous membrane.
Symptomatic proximal translation of the radius following radial head resection. Magnetic resonance imaging of the interosseous membrane of the forearm.
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