In the autumn of , primary and junior secondary schools began to implement the "Teaching Scheme Curriculum for Full-time Primary and Secondary Schools Pilot ," and this scheme includes the arrangement of subjects and syllabuses of them.
According to the scheme, subjects are divided into two categories: state-arranged subjects and locally-arranged subjects, with the latter determined by the authorities of provincial-level governments in the light of local realities and needs. The current curriculum of senior secondary schools consists of two parts: subjects courses and activities.
Subjects taught in senior secondary schools are divided into obligatory ones and optional ones. Activities include out-class activities and practice activities. In , the Ministry of Education began to design the new basic education curriculum system for the 21st century. Any child reaching six years of age should enter the primary school and in places where conditions are not available, the age for a child to enter a primary school could be postponed to seven years old.
In areas where junior secondary education has been basically universalized, all primary school graduates should enter nearby junior secondary schools, without sitting for any entrance examinations. However, those gradates from junior secondary schools seeking to continue their education in senior secondary schools have to sit for and pass locally organized entrance examinations before admission. Throughout compulsory education, students are required to take end-of-term examinations and tests or check-ups at the end of each semester.
In primary schools, the Chinese language and mathematics are the required examination subjects for graduation, while the other subjects are checkup subjects.
In secondary schools, the graduation examination subjects are determined within the scope of the general subjects taught in the graduating class set by the state, while the students' performance in other subjects are only checked up.
The 4th Nationwide Census taken in showed that there were million illiterates over 15 years old in China. The adult illiterates accounted for In order to eradicate the illiteracy, the following measures have been taken:. In January , the teleconference for illiteracy eradication was jointly held by 10 central governmental bodies. In this conference, the task of helping 4,, illiterates become neo-literates annually in the s was explicitly addressed and the implementation of this task would be carried out gradually in each province.
The universalization of nine-year compulsory education and the eradication of the illiteracy among middle-aged and young group all over China by the end of were promulgated on the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in To eradicate illiteracy among middle-aged and young group and to reduce the illiteracy rate to less than 5 percent by the end of the 20th century were stipulated on The Outline for Educational Reform and Development in China, issued jointly by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council in In the same year, The Regulations for Illiteracy Eradication was revised, which then brought more responsibility to the governments at all levels and set up the new evaluation standards for the work of illiteracy eradication.
In line with the new criteria, only when the non-illiteracy rate is over 95 percent, can the county, township or village be evaluated as successfully meeting the standards. The first step: the illiteracy rate among middle-aged and young group in the 10 provinces or municipalities , whose economic and educational levels were the highest in China and whose population accounted for 33 percent of the whole country, should be reduced to less than 5 percent by the end of The second step: the illiteracy rate among middle-aged and young group of the 14 provinces or autonomous regions , whose economic and educational development was at the intermediate level and whose population constituted 52 percent of the whole country, should be reduced to less than 5 percent by The third step: the illiteracy rate among middle-aged and young group of the 6 provinces or autonomous regions , whose economy and education are less developed and whose population forms 15 percent of the whole country, should be reduced to less than 15 percent by Tibet will meet the third step standard after In , the State Council approved the establishment of a Ministerial Coordinating Group for the Eradication of Illiteracy, consisting of 10 central ministries, commissions and organizations to jointly monitor and promote illiteracy eradication in China.
The system for monitoring, evaluating, supervising and awarding the development of illiteracy eradication has been established. The top-down mechanism, in which the central government evaluates the work of provinces, and the provinces evaluate the work of the counties, and the counties evaluate the work of townships, has been put into practice.
Based on the evaluation of local governments, from to more than 20 evaluations through random sampling by State Education Inspectors have been organized by the Ministry of Education to monitor the progresses in provinces or autonomous regions and municipalities. This intervention has played an important role in fulfilling the periodic objective of illiteracy eradication among middle-aged and young group in due time.
Since , an annual meeting or workshop on illiteracy eradication has been held by the Ministry of Education so as to collect the experience, study the problems, produce solutions and allocate the assignments for the next phase. The encouragement mechanism was established jointly by the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Finance in The reviewing and appraising will be taken very two years and the prize is totally 5,, yuan once a time.
During to , excellent teachers and administrators at grass-root level engaged in illiteracy eradication have been awarded such prize annually by the Ministry of Education. Totally more than 1, individuals and over exemplary institutions have received this prize over the five years. The Model Women Prize for The Eradication of Illiteracy set up by the Ministry of Education and All-China Women's Federation jointly in , provide awards to the excellent women groups and individual woman engaged in the eradication of illiteracy every two years.
In order to raise fund for illiteracy eradication through various channels, the Ministry of Finance and the previous State Education Commission jointly issued a document, which required that a certain percentage of attached fees within the education budget for rural areas must be earmarked for illiteracy eradication.
Local educational authorities and the townships will share the responsibility of fund raising. So far, 21 million yuan has been provided by the Ministry of Finance as the prize for the institutions and individuals with remarkable achievements in illiteracy eradication.
Special institutions for eradicating illiteracy were established by educational authorities at national, provincial, prefectures and county levels. Full-time cadres or teachers for illiteracy eradication are employed by the townships. In villages, the villagers' committees assume the responsibility of organizing and mobilizing the pubic to participate in illiteracy eradication while the teachers in primary and secondary schools will facilitate illiteracy eradication through teaching.
The content of illiteracy eradication should be integrated with the illiterates' work and life. Learning groups of illiterates should be organized in various forms and the teaching and reading materials should be developed in various styles. From to , The illiteracy rate among middle-aged and young group had been reduced to less than 5 percent. The rate of the adult who can read has increased to The evaluation taken by the Ministry of Education through random sampling shows that 24 provinces or autonomous regions and municipalities have met the state standards of the eradication of illiteracy with the illiteracy rate less than 5 percent.
The illiteracy rate among middle-aged and young group is less than percent in the provinces or autonomous regions and municipalities , such as Yunnan, Guizhou, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Qinghai and Ningxia. The absolute figure of the illiterates is still very high.
At present, there are about 85,, illiterates in China. Among them 20,, are middle-aged and young people. Besides, more than ,, people become re-illiterates and new illiterates every year. It has been more difficult in illiteracy eradication. The existing illiterates are mainly located in the rural poor mountain areas and the areas where ethnic minorities inhabit. The over counties, which have not met the standards, are all the state-level poverty-stricken counties in the western provinces with a slow development in illiteracy rate reduction.
Among the illiterates, 70 percent are females and 70 percent are those under 50 years old. The location of these illiterates is scattered and floating therefore it takes a long time for them to cast off illiteracy.
Its lobbying led to the Act, which created school boards funded through local rates. The Act also responded to economic and social necessities, recognising the need for an educated workforce if Britain was to retain its industry and competitiveness. The Reform Act had also significantly increased the electorate, extending suffrage to working class men. Reformers argued the new voting power required a more educated working class.
However, many remained hostile to the idea of educating the working class, fearing it could de-stabilise the class system and foment dissent. Others warned of the indoctrination risk of mass education. The Act also allowed parents to withdraw their children from religious education, potentially undermining the role of the Church.
Many families themselves objected to compulsory education, arguing they needed children to earn a wage. Unsurprisingly the Act also established attendance officers to enforce attendance and parents could be fined for keeping their children out of school. Schools are required to deal with a significantly enlarged student body and this can create logistical problems with staff and classroom numbers. This helped schools manage capacity problems as pupils spent a year longer at primary school and came to secondary school later.
There are now fewer than middle schools in England, concentrated in 22 LEAs. After the Act schools were provided with temporary buildings to house their new final year. These became known as ROSLA Raising school leaving age buildings and were delivered to schools as self assembly packs.
Although not designed for long-term use, many schools continued using them. There is also scepticism that the school leaving age is increased at times when the government wishes to reduce the number of young people seeking employment, and thereby increasing the unemployment statistics.
The latest ambitions to increase the education leaving age to 18 have not been without controversy. See our classroom resource.
The newly established Education Office, Melbourne, Charles H Pearson, education reformer:. Certificate of a child being sufficiently educated, Early education in the colony At its separation from the Colony of New South Wales in , Victoria inherited two types of schools: denominational or church-organised, and national or nonsectarian-organised.
The colonial government supported both, and each had a Melbourne-based school board. It read: They boldly and defiantly tell you it is their determination to do away with your Schools and substitute them for Godless schools to which they will compel you under penalty or imprisonment to send your children. It also stated: In every state school secular instruction only shall be given and no teacher shall give any other than secular instruction in any state school building …. Souvenir of the golden jubilee of Free Education, Victoria, Curriculum subjects.
Year levels. Explore Defining Moments. Menzies government introduces government aid for non-government schools. Founding of Sydney University. Separation of NSW and Victoria. Gold rushes. Bourke Church Act. You may also like. Glorious Days. School name plate. Our collection.
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