Moreover, until they were drained in recent centuries much of the land behind the Holderness coast was an area of wetlands covered by meres and bogs which filled depressions in the deposits of clays and gravel left behind by the retreating ice flows.
The relationship between people and water, whether seas, rivers, meres or marshes, has always been central to the history of East Yorkshire. Ashore, in ancient villages, you can see churches, farms and houses built using cobbles from the beaches. Offshore, the waters were not only sources of food and fuel but also an avenue of trade, commerce and shelter for ships voyaging up and down the North Sea coast, as well as the one-time haunt of privateers and smugglers and part of the maritime front-line during both twentieth century world wars.
Today, Bridlington is the largest shell-fishing port in the British Isles, and Bridlington Bay crabs and lobsters are supplied to markets and restaurants in France, Italy and Spain. Gas, oil and wind companies make use of the adjacent seas and coasts whilst the abundant wildlife that can be seen at places such as Bempton and Spurn attract many visitors every year. The town has retained a pleasant village atmosphere and people come from miles around to visit. It also has a colourful history of smuggling, a trade which was aided and abetted by the entire town, even the local church, whose vault was used to stash contraband.
Hornsea Freeport Shopping Village offers everything from big name fashion brands to kitchenware and china at shoestring prices - all in beautiful landscaped surroundings and a charming village atmosphere. Pottery, spinning and lace-making demonstrations take place regularly. This is also a popular spot for birdwatchers. A Grade 1 listed church and the earthworks of a former castle are features of the village and the nearby home of Mr Moos ice cream where you can meet the cows and try the latest flavours is a popular draw with tourists and locals alike.
The chalk cliff headland extends into the North Sea by 4 miles and is said to be the only place on the east coast where you can watch the sun set over the sea. Traditionally a fishing village, catches are still landed at Flamborough as well as it being a popular tourist destination. The hall is a Grade I listed building with a mix of period rooms and local history exhibits including the story of aviation pioneer Amy Johnson.
Bridlington has everything you would expect from a seaside resort - fairground rides, amusements, beach huts, a busy fishing fleet and a promenade enhanced by public artworks. Bridlington is steeped in history with a year old working harbour, a heritage coastline and a high street in the Old Town that is teeming with ancient buildings.
Right in the heart of Bridlington is the Old Town. A world away from the bustling beaches, the Old Town offers a slower pace of life with lots of things to do and see. Make the most of this historic hub by following the Old Town Trail exploring some fine heritage landmarks along the way. This awe-inspiring building is definitely worth a visit.
The processes of erosion and weathering occurring are numerous but include hydraulic action, freeze thaw, abrasion, solution and carbonation on the clay. This has left a bay where the clay is and a headland jutting out to sea at Flamborough head. Although wave refraction focuses the waves energy on the layered and faulted rocks of Flamborough head, eroding the calk, the incredibly weak nature of the clay still means that it erodes faster than the chalk. The chalk headland has stumps and blowholes.
There is a debate about whether or not human beings should attempt to defend coastlines. In the case of the Holderness coastline, its geology weak clays waves destructive during North Sea storms and Geomorphology the shape of the coastline allows the waves to break at the base of the cliffs make erosion almost inevitable.
However some defences have been attempted. Mappleton is a small village that could become village number 30 lost to the sea. The road running through it, the B links towns along the coastline and would have been lost to coastal erosion if protection measures were not put into place. Any proposal to limit cliff erosion at a particular location has to be viewed with a mind to cost, typically thousands of pounds per metre for rock armour, and the near certainty that cliff recession will increase elsewhere as a consequence.
Throughout the centuries, land taken by the sea has meant the removal of numerous communities. Names and proposed sites for these are typically presented in map form. Resting on the chalk bedrock is the Basement Till. This dates from a glaciation that took place before the one described above.
At the coast, which to all intents provides a cross-section through material left by ice, the Basement Till is exposed at Dimlington High Land and sometimes north of Bridlington. Skipsea Till, from the most recent glacial period, runs the entire coastline accounting for much of the cliff.
Towards the southern end, between Aldbrough and Easington, Withernsea Till sits above the Skipsea Till and for a distance is the dominant member. Till units, or subdivisions reflecting different conditions of deposition, may be visible along the cliff face. Within the tills and between them are pockets and beds of sands, silts and gravels — especially at Dimlington High Land — as well as small and occasionally larger boulders, known as erratics, together with fossil fragments.
The newer tills were created by ice which originated from two separate sources: north, and north-west. It is often considered that these were delivered by a composite or two-tier glacier. Both flows would move together, one partially overriding the other. An alternative view is that an initial ice lobe Skipsea was followed by a re-advance Withernsea.
Whichever the case, each flow carried its own defining till. Coastal erosion is usually measured by losses at the cliff top, where the impact on agricultural resources, on homes, businesses and amenities, is directly felt.
The earliest Ordnance Survey maps record the coast as it was around Later surveys allowed for estimation of land loss by comparing changes in cliff line positions. Actual linear measurement, rather than approximations from maps, became possible in by the siting of a series of erosion monitoring posts along the coast, with a few more added later.
Since , monitoring has been conducted normally twice a year from north of Bridlington down to the Spurn peninsula.
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